Practical analysis for investment professionals
01 November 2022

Sector and Factor Performance in Wartime

Introduction

Before 2020, the threat of a global pandemic shutting down the world economy was not a top-of-mind concern for most investors. Pandemics were nothing new, of course, but no outbreak in recent history had suggested anything near the magnitude of COVID-19. SARS had broken out in 2002 and Ebola in 2014, for example, but both were contained rather quickly, and their corresponding toll in economic disruption and human lives hardly hinted at what COVID-19 would bring.

Before 2022, even fewer investors saw a third world war as a serious possibility. And while such an outcome is still very unlikely, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has increased the odds. A limited nuclear exchange, let alone a global nuclear war, would have enormous consequences for humanity as a whole to say nothing of the securities markets. Nevertheless, it is worth considering what a simple escalation of the current conflict might entail.

Intuitively, war implies economic damage and falling stock markets. But so does a global pandemic. Yet the S&P 500 was significantly higher one year after COVID-19 went global.

Which raises the question: How do stocks — specifically sectors and factors — perform during times of war?

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Stock Performance in Major Wars

To answer this question, we analyzed the US stock market, which has the best dataset for individual securities and indices. In particular, we evaluated the performance of US stocks during three of the country’s most significant wars: the US Civil War, from 1861 to 1865; World War I, from 1917 to 1918; and World War II, from 1941 to 1945.

These three wars had major implications for the US population and economy. Countless thousands died. Infrastructure was both built and demolished. Major cities were razed. Some parts of the economy collapsed while others boomed. Yet despite all the war-related misery and destruction, the US stock market expanded in both the US Civil War and World War II. Only in World War I did it suffer a net decline. 


US Stock Market Performance in Major Wars

Chart showing US Stock Market Performance During Major Wars
Sources: Finominal and Stooq
Returns are based on close prices unadjusted for dividends.

Factor Performance in Wartime

Unfortunately, stock analysis suffers from something of a recency bias: The further back in time we go, the poorer the quality of securities data. As a consequence, the remainder of our analysis will focus on World War II–related data.

The long–short performance of the size, value, and momentum factors was positive between 1941 and 1945, albeit just barely for momentum, according to data from the Kenneth R. French Data Library. The value factor generated a CAGR of 16%, and the size factor 11%.

Theoretically, such returns would have generated attractive diversification benefits for a traditional portfolio inasmuch as they represent excess returns from long–short portfolios. But practically, these returns were calculated before transaction costs and at a time when shorting stocks was an inefficient process at best. Thus, these results need to be evaluated with a grain of salt.


Performance of Factors (Long–Short) in World War II

Chart showing Performance of Factors (Long-Short) During World War II
Sources: Finominal and Kenneth R. French Data Library

Performance of Industries during Wartime

But what about sector performance? Did any one in particular stand out during World War II? By analyzing the 49 industries from the Kenneth R. French Data Library, we zeroed in on the top and bottom 10.

We expected the top 10 to be dominated by industries that were deeply involved in the war effort — heavy machinery and defense companies, for example. But the best-performing sector was actually printing and publishing, followed by alcoholic drinks and personal services. 


Performance by Industry in World War II: The Top 10

Chart showing Performance by Industry in World War II: Top 10
Sources: Finominal and Kenneth R. French Data Library

The worst-performing industries held some surprises as well. Though they generated positive returns, tobacco companies came in dead last. This creates something of a paradox given the beer and liquor sector’s 723% windfall. Did people drink more and smoke less during the war? It’s also hard to understand why steel, chemical, and aircraft companies wouldn’t have fared better.

We don’t have any answers except to say that financial markets are full of surprises and never do what’s expected of them. Which is why active management is so difficult and creates so little value.


Performance by Industry in World War II: The Bottom 10

Chart showing Performance by Industry in World War II: The Bottom 10
Sources: Finominal and Kenneth R. French Data Library

Asset Class Performance in Wartime

How did bonds fare relative to stocks during World War II? Equities generated the highest nominal returns between 1941 and 1945, but short-term and long-term Treasuries as well as corporate bonds all yielded positive returns, although after inflation, only corporate bonds had positive real returns. 

Of course, the United States and its allies won the war. The Axis powers financed themselves by selling government bonds to their citizens. When they lost the war, those became worthless. 


World War II Performance: By Asset Class, 1941 to 1945

Chart showing World War II Performance: By Asset Class, 1941 to 1945
Source: Finominal and Professsor Aswath Damodaran

Further Thoughts

While investors made money with stocks in two out of the three largest US wars, this analysis is backward- rather than forward-looking.

It is difficult to imagine a third world war that doesn’t involve the deployment of nuclear arms. Yet these weapons could destroy much of human civilization let alone the capital markets.

Few investment options have much appeal in such a cataclysmic scenario. Maybe productive farmland in such faraway destinations as Australia or New Zealand would be viable options, although even here, the goal would be more capital preservation than capital growth.

For more insights from Nicolas Rabener and the Finominal team, sign up for their research reports.

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All posts are the opinion of the author. As such, they should not be construed as investment advice, nor do the opinions expressed necessarily reflect the views of CFA Institute or the author’s employer.

Image credit: ©Getty Images / gece33


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About the Author(s)
Nicolas Rabener

Nicolas Rabener is the managing director of Finominal, which provides quantitative solutions for factor investing. Previously he founded Jackdaw Capital, a quantitative investment manager focused on equity market neutral strategies. Previously, Rabener worked at GIC (Government of Singapore Investment Corporation) focused on real estate across asset classes. He started his career working for Citigroup in investment banking in London and New York. Rabener holds an MS in management from HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management, is a CAIA charter holder, and enjoys endurance sports (100km Ultramarathon, Mont Blanc, Mount Kilimanjaro).

1 thought on “Sector and Factor Performance in Wartime”

  1. Kyle Jones says:

    Interesting article, as are all of you pieces. However, I feel that three critical issues were missed in this article. The first is rationing. In the U.S., alcohol wasn’t rationed, whereas tobacco certainly was.

    A second issue is that many industries pivoted from what they had been producing before WW2 towards producing war goods under government contracts during the war. Additionally, some government contracts were more lucrative than others.

    So, to me, the moral of this article shouldn’t be which industries outperform/underperform during global conflict, but instead a question of which industries are likely to receive and benefit the most from government contracts, and this leads to the third issue. Can we reasonably consider that a war 77 years ago provides a starting point for developing expectations today? I’m not sure that it does. Back in WW2, many war goods could be made by pretty much any major firm. Today, too many war goods are seriously tech intensive, (potentially) limiting the industries that could even reasonably bid for, yet alone expect to receive government contracts.

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